Animal Farm Russian Revolution Analysis

Russian Revolution and Animal Farm Image a brutal Communist Soviet revolution. Now imagine a group of barnyard animals who free themselves from humans in an effort to be free, and rule themselves. In the well-renowned fable Animal Farm by George Orwell the Old Major’s Dream, the construction(s) of the windmill and Napoleon himself are all symbolic representations of the Russian Revolution. Old Major’s Dream blatantly represents Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto. Orwell simplified the basic ideas of Marx’s Manifesto into Major’s dream.Major states that humans are the only species that consume without producing and animals must overthrow them which is relevant to Marx’s main idea, that capitalists collected all the profit from the worker’s profit, and he suggested they overthrow the capitalists if they wanted to be more successful. Old Major’s dream also represents the Manifesto the way he ends his speech. Marx ends the Manifesto wi th commanding the workers to unite, while Old Major ends his speech with commanding his comrades to rebel, both were advocating change.Orwell clearly portrayed Marx’s Manifesto in the story by allegorizing through Old Major’s dream. Another even that directly represented the Russian Revolution was the construction(S) of the windmill, and it represented the conflict between Stalin and Trotsky. Trotsky wanted to continue to spread the revolution, while Stalin wanted to focus on establishing communism in the newly attained Russian countries. This dispute really caused a division, with people following certain sides.In Animal Farm Napoleon felt it was unnecessary to build the windmill and suppressed it, while Snowball promoted it, which divided the Farm. Once Napoleon realized that Snowball’s promotion could have an impact, he exiled him from the farm, as did Stalin to Trotsky. Once their rival had been exiled, they continued to build the windmill and Communism. The decision whether or not to build the windmill represented the decision whether or not to spread Communism, the windmill symbolized Communism. In Animal Farm, the character Napoleon symbolizes Stalin himself.Napoleon acted as an allegory of Stalin, mirroring many of the actions he made. For example, Stalin exiled Trotsky and Napoleon got rid of Snowball, Stalin removed many other opponents and then adopted some of their ideas similarly Napoleon who eliminated Snowball but took his idea of building the windmill, both had a serious of purges where they murdered many traders and such, both were very harsh to their workers with Stalin and collectivization which lead to a huge famine and Napoleon with reduced rations, and they both were deceived, Stalin by Germany and Napoleon by Mr.Federick. Orwell adequately portrayed Stalin as Napoleon which is evident due to all these similarities. Old Major’s dream represented the Communist Manifesto, the construction of the windmill represen ted the feud amongst Trotsky and Stalin, and Napoleon represents Stalin. The author brilliantly allegorized features of the Russian Revolution into a fable consisting of barn animals, and each individual animal’s supposed personality fit well. â€Å"Animal Farm† is a direct symbol of the Russian Revolution.

Occupational Safety and Health Essay

What is OSHA? OSHA is an abbreviation for Occupational Safety & Health Administration which is a government agency under the U.S department of Labor that helps employers reduce injuries, illnesses, and deaths in the workplace. (____) OSHA is extremely important to the U.S and its labor force in many different ways than one. OSHA assists in safety on the job in several ways such as encouraging employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards, establishing the rights of employers and employees regarding the improvement of workplace safety and health, and also monitoring job-related illnesses and injuries through a system of reporting and record keeping. With the presence of OSHA businesses are required to follow certain regulations and guidelines that not only protect the employees but also prevent any unethical behavior from employers that may result anywhere from a high turnover rate to law suits. OSHA being this significant to the U.S labor force begins to bring about curiosity of what does the rest of the world practice to assure work-related safety on the job. Through research I have noticed that Canada, one of the United States closes neighbors, uses a system called CCOHS or Canadian Centre for occupational health and Safety. The CCOHS has a vision which states: â€Å"We serve Canadians – and the world – with credible and relevant tools and resources to improve workplace health and safety programs. We encourage you to join us in creating a work world without pain, loss or tragedy. We believe that all Canadians have a fundamental right to a healthy and safe working environment. Through our programs, services, knowledge, commitment, and action, CCOHS will continue its efforts to advance health and safety in the workplace† (____) CCOHS was established in 1978, to promote the total well-being – physical, psychosocial and mental health of working Canadians by providing information, training, education, management systems and solutions that support health, safety and wellness programs. (___) CCOHS is governed by a  tripartite Council representing government, employers and employees to ensure a balanced approach to workplace health and safety issues. CCOHS offers a range of workplace health and safety services to help organizations raise awareness, assess risks, implement prevention programs, and improve health, safety and well-being. Canada’s CCOHS and the United States’ OSHA are quite similar in the respect to fulfilling its obligation to encourage workplace health and safety, and reassure attitudes and procedures that will lead to better-quality worker physical and mental health through an extensive range of products and services. CCOHS provides a selection of public service initiatives at no charge to the user, such as OSH Answers, the person-to-person Inquiry Service, newsletters, and the workscape online discussion board to educate employees of implemented safety procedures and terms of CCOHS. This is Canada’s procedure to educate and encourage a safe, sufficient work environment. This is similar in term of the many programs that OSHA offers for training/education and the medical management program such as for CTD’s. The medical management program, through OSHA, ensures understanding of early identification, evaluation, and treatment of signs and symptoms to prevent their recurrence and to aid in their prevention. (pg. 53) In conclusion, we may come to the understanding that both the U.S and Canada aim to complete the same fundamental purpose within the work force which is safety. Although both systems titles may not be the same, they both have the same emphasis of ensuring and improving health programs concerning employers and employees. Both countries take pride in establishing and enforcing mandatory on the job safety and health standards. From my research I feel safe and now more educated while working within the U.S and if ever I were to move to Canada that comforting feeling would remain present. http://www.toolingu.com/definition-850100-18819-osha.html http://www.ccohs.ca/ccohs.html

Marketing Interface with other Functional Areas

Marketing's Relationship with other Functions Functions within an organizationThe marketing function within any organization does not exist in isolation. Therefore it's important to see how marketing connects with and permeates other functions within the organization†¦. marketing interacts with research and development, production/operations/logistics, human resources, IT and customer service.Research and developmentResearch and development is the engine within an organization which generates new ideas, innovations and creative new products and services. For example cell phone/mobile phone manufacturers are in an industry that is ever changing and developing, and in order to survive manufacturers need to continually research and develop new software and hardware to compete in a very busy marketplace. Think about cell phones that were around three or four years ago which are now completely obsolete. The research and development process delivers new products and is continually inn ovating.Innovative products and services usually result from a conscious and purposeful search for innovation opportunities which are found only within a few situations.Peter Drucker (1999)Research and development should be driven by the marketing concept. The needs of consumers or potential consumers should be central to any new research and development in order to deliver products that satisfy customer needs (or service of course). The practical research and development is undertaken in central research facilities belonging to companies, universities and sometimes to countries.Marketers would liaise with researchers and engineers in order to make sure that customer needs are represented.  Manufacturing processes themselves could also be researched and developed based upon some aspects of the marketing mix. For example logistics (place/distribution/channel) could be researched in order to deliver products more efficiently and effectively to customers.Production/operations/logisti csAs with research and development, the operations, production and logistics functions within business need to work in cooperation with the marketing department.Operations include many other activities such as warehousing, packaging and distribution. To an extent, operations also includes production and manufacturing, as well as logistics. Production is where goods and services are generated and made. For example an aircraft is manufactured in a factory which is in effect how it is produced i.e. production. Logistics is concerned with getting the product from production or warehousing, to retail or the consumer in the most effective and efficient way. Today logistics would include warehousing, trains, planes and lorries as well as technology used for real-time tracking.Obviously marketers need to sell products and services that are currently in stock or can be made within a reasonable time limit. An unworkable scenario for a business is where marketers are attempting to increase sal es of a product whereby the product cannot be supplied. Perhaps there is a warehouse full of other products that our marketing campaign is ignoring.Human resourcesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within your organization which overlooks recruitment and selection, training, and the professional development of employees. Other related functional responsibilities include well-being, employee motivation, health and safety, performance management, and of course the function holds knowledge regarding the legal aspects of human resources.So when you become a marketing manager you would use the HR department to help you recruit a marketing assistant for example. They would help you with scoping out the job, a person profile, a job description, and advertising the job. HR would help you to score and assess application forms, and will organise the interviews. They may offer to assist at interview and will support you as you make your job offer. You may also use HR to organise a n induction for your new employee. Of course there is the other side of the coin, where HR sometimes has to get tough with underperforming employees. These are the operational roles of HR.Your human resources Department also have a strategic role., human resources sees people as a valuable asset to the organization. they assist with a global approach to managing people and help to develop a workplace culture and environment which focuses on mission and values.They also have an important communications role, and this is one aspect of their function which is most closely related to marketing. For example the HR department may run a staff development programme which needs a newsletter or a presence on your intranet. This is part of your internal marketing effort.IT (websites, intranets and extranets)As marketers we are concerned with how technology is used to treat information i.e. how we get information, how we process it, how we store the information, and then how we disseminate it a gain by voice, image or graphics. Obviously this is a huge field but for our part we need to recognise the importance of websites, intranets and extranets to the marketer.A website is an electronic object which is placed onto the Internet. Often websites are used by businesses for a number of reasons such as to provide information to customers. So customers can interact with the product, customers can buy a product, more importantly customers begin to build a  long-term relationship with the marketing company. Information Technology underpins and supports the basis of Customer Relationship Management (CRM),An intranet is an internal website. An intranet is an IT supported process which supplies up-to-date information to employees of the business and other key stakeholders. For example European train operators use an intranet to give up-to-date information about trains to people on the ground supporting customers. An extranet is an internal website which is extended outside the org anization, but it is not a public website. An extranet takes one stage further and provides information directly to customers/distributors/clients. Customers are able to check availability of stock and could check purchase prices for a particular product. For example a car supermarket could check availability of cars from a wholesaler.Customer service provisionCustomer service provision is very much integrated into marketing., customer service takes the needs of the customer as the central driver. customer service function revolves around a series of activities which are designed to facilitate the exchange process by making sure that customers are satisfied.Today customer service provision can be located in a central office or actually in the field where the product is consumed. For example you may call a software manufacturer for some advice and assistance. You may have a billing enquiry. You might even wish to cancel a contract or make changes to it. The customer service provision might be automated, it could be done solely online, or you might speak to a real person especially if you have a complex or technical need.Customer service is supported by IT to make the process of customer support more efficient and effective, and to capture and process data on particular activities. So the marketer needs to make sure that he or she is working with the customer service provision since it is a vital customer interface. The customer service provision may also provide speedy and timely information about new or developing customer needs. For example if you have a promotion which has just been launched you can use thebcustomer service functions to help you check for early signs of success.Finance departmentThe marketing department will need to work closely with the finance department to ensure that: There is an adequate budget to meet the needs for research, promotion and distribution. The finance department has a whole organisation brief to ensure that all the busines s operates within its financial capabilities. They will want all departments to work within their allocated budgets.Like all departments, marketing may wish to overspend if profitable marketing opportunities emerge over the year. The marketing department is likely to concentrate on sales volume and building market share, while the finance department may be more focused on cash flow, covering costs and paying back investment as quickly as possible. The Marketing-Finance approach has been helpful to understand better the impact of the crisis on firms and at the same time provide tools for firms to respond to the crisis so that firms can turn it (at macro level) into an opportunity for the firm to create value.

Strongest sources of legitimacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strongest sources of legitimacy - Essay Example Another thing that can be said to be a strong source of the strength of the US democracy is the level of self-reliance in the American society. Through self-reliance citizens are given the chance to practice their own will as long as their actions are within the boundaries of the US laws. In the United States of America this can be seen in the way social workers work with the society with the aim of making sure that self-help groups are successful so that the members could be independent (Shively, 2011). Self-reliance is further enhanced by US education system and the spirit of equal opportunities that is encouraged by the constitution. Freedom and the free market economy can also be said to be contributing to the country’s democracy. When people operate under free market they are able to practice democracy without having fears of being discriminated. This can be seen in the number of occasions that people have staged demonstrations whenever they felt that democracy was being abused in the

My Management Philosophy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Management Philosophy - Term Paper Example In this paper, I will analyze my management philosophy and how it has been influenced by my skills, experience, and knowledge of other theories. The first philosophy that I consider significant is the principle of efficient planning. Managers may accomplish very little or no realizations at all if they fail to plan. This is because the lack of a plan means that a person may do anything at anytime. Planning begins with the determination of desired goals because they guide managers in choosing strategies that help them realize these objectives (Covey, 2013). After determining the desirable aims, managers then carry out research to help them choose the best approaches to realize them; the investigation may be carried out through extensive reading to find out how other organizations perform their tasks or it may be through testing and analyzing of past experiences. The next step after choosing the strategy to apply is implementation that involves putting the strategies into practice to achieve the goals. Evaluation then helps leaders to determine the goals that they have achieved and those that they have failed to accomplish so that they may develop techniques of improving the results. My experience as a human resource manager has made me to value this philosophy because whenever the department fails to plan, it ends up achieving results that are below its capacity. Also the fact that human resource division deals with recruitment means that the department has to plan to determine the type of employees to hire and those that need to be fired (Drucker, 2008). The second philosophy is that efficient communication is vital for the success of managers in their career and also for organizations that aim at realizing high sales and returns (Drucker, 2008). Communication involves exchanging information with other managers, employees, and subordinate staff members. Charismatic leadership style advocates for both verbal and non-verbal communication. This

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE - Essay Example Business organizations are offering job application platforms online where people can register. Additionally, business communication documents such as invoices and delivery notes have switched from paperwork to electronic documents thereby improving efficiency in business transactions (Kushal 349). You should also have considered other ways on how businesses have benefited from communication platforms such as Skype, Twitter, and web conferencing. Certainly, these technologies have reduced employee turnover since employees can communicate to their friends and families through these technologically aided platforms thereby not missing on work. Gone are the days when employees used to request permission to run errands. Everything has been made simple by technology and this has greatly benefited the business world. However, these advantages need to be taken with precaution. It is worth remembering that internet is a hub for hackers and cyber criminals who target vulnerable business organizations. Thus, we can conclude that though technology has improved business communication, it has also brought many challenges to the modern

Job Satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 22500 words

Job Satisfaction - Essay Example Employee satisfaction is the most important factor for the successful operation of companies nowadays. When the employees are satisfied, it improves the performance and productivity of the company and contributes towards the profitability. On the other hand, low job satisfaction has negative results such as increasing cost, decreasing profits and customer dissatisfaction. In order to be successful companies need to concentrate on increasing employee’s satisfaction so that employees’ retention rate can be increased. Past studies have shown that employees’ satisfaction can be increased by the following: †¢ a sense of engagement and decision-making responsibilities †¢ use of skill and abilities †¢ opportunities to advance †¢ opportunities to learn new skills †¢ positive communicative relationships with supervisors, and †¢ good pay and training. Job satisfaction has been defined by Locke as â€Å"the pleasurable or positive emotional state that results from an employee's job or experience associated with the job†. Moreover as discussed in, job satisfaction is â€Å"the fulfilment and gratification that comes from work†, it is not really the money or the benefits received but the positive feelings experienced from accomplishing tasks. Every job holds the potential to provide certain levels of satisfaction related to individual employees. Job satisfaction is an important factor especially in high risk environment like oil and gas in terms of the potential hazard towards the safety of an employee.

Classroom management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Classroom management - Research Paper Example This article written by Simonsen et al focuses on classroom management as a â€Å"critical skill area† and asserts that elementary level teachers need to be taught â€Å"practices that are backed by evidence† (2008: 351). The article further seeks to provide an â€Å"update† on what is currently known about classroom management as well as provide necessary guidelines for translating this knowledge into â€Å"practical classroom practice† (352). The article thus presents the methodology used for literature search, the results of the search, a â€Å"self-assessment tool† as well as â€Å"implications for future research† (352). Thus in this light, the researchers thoroughly examined various literature related to classroom management and finally identified â€Å"20 practices† that could be effectively implemented.Furthermore, the 20 practices identified as a result of the literature search have been group into five, that is, maximising st ructure; posting, reviewing as well as emphasising expectations, making students engage in ways where they can be observed, using various strategies to encourage and appreciate appropriate behaviour and also developing proper responses to inappropriate behaviour. The researchers believe that these features can be enforced with proper planning before the term session begins as well as throughout the school year. However, the limitation in their study is that the literature they used for the research purpose is over twenty years old.

Origins of American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Origins of American History - Essay Example It is only knowledge from these primary sources that can possibly give us reliable evidence on the effects of slavery on the Atlantic civilization. The Flourishing of the Slave Trade The first effect of the slave trade on the Atlantic world was the expansion of the trade itself. Much of the information concerning this was exposed through the publication of the journals of John Barbot, a French Royal African Company agent who made voyages from the West Coast of Africa back to the Atlantic world, two of these documented in 1678 and 1682. Based on the Slave Trade documents by John Barbot, which were published in 1732, it was rather easy to obtain slaves from Africa because â€Å"in times of dearth and famine, abundance of those people will sell themselves, for a maintenance, and to prevent starving†. Moreover, according to John Barbot, the main consequence of the great supply of slaves from Africa going to the Atlantic civilization is the lesser demand for them and more important ly, the cruelty and inhumane treatment that is afforded these slaves. According to John Barbot, the masters of these slaves â€Å"subsist them poorly and beat them inhumanly†. ... Also, when the slaves die, the masters â€Å"never bury them but case out the bodies into some by place, to be devoured by birds or beasts of prey†. This is rather one of the cruelest acts done by the masters on the slaves, which is not to afford dignity to the slaves even in death. Lastly, these slaves have been subjected to torture as Barbot himself admits ad confesses: â€Å"And tho’ I must say I am naturally compassionate, yet have I been necessitated sometimes to cause the teeth of those wretches to be broken, because they would not open their mouths†. From these accounts of John Barbot, one can clearly see the maltreatment of the slaves in the Atlantic civilization, whether in Europe or in America. This dominated the market during those times. Fusion of African and Atlantic Cultures The account of Olaudah Equiano, who was born in Benin in the late 1700s and kidnapped from there by the European slave traders, somehow opposed the idea of Barbot that it was ra ther easy to obtain slaves because they would sell themselves to prevent starving. On the other hand, it is possible that not all places would be the same all the time. Nevertheless, according to Equiano, when he arrived in England, he thought â€Å"the languages of different nations did not totally differ, nor were they so copious as those of the Europeans, particularly the English [and] they were therefore easily learned; and while I was journeying thus through Africa [probably on board the slave ship], I acquired two or three different tongues†. This is therefore a sign that the cultures of Africa have Formation of Anti-Slavery Organizations As early as 1790, there have been calls for anti-slavery in the Atlantic world, like the Society of the Friends of Blacks, who called for the abolition of

TO PLAN A SMALL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

TO PLAN A SMALL BUSINESS - Essay Example It’s a time tested fact that every business when it is founded starts on a small note and then grows with time, in order to gain sustainability and maintain competitive advantage in the marketplace. The small businesses are started by identifying and fulfilling the needs of the customer while starting with a very small seed capital. In a similar note, to fulfill the needs of the needs of the youngsters, and busy professionals, who lack the time and space to network and socialize with each other, the concept called 18 Cafe has been developed. 18 Cafe will satisfy the socializing needs of today’s youngsters and busy professionals, while providing a cool, soothing and relaxing ambience of the 18th century, but with the technological connectivity of the 21st century. Mission The mission of 18 Cafe is to provide superior line of products at affordable rates without compromising on the product as well as the service quality. The following figure illustrates the expected figur es of net sales, gross profit as well as net profit for 18 Cafe during the first two years of its operations. Figure 1: Expected position during the first two years of operation Objectives The short term objectives of 18 Cafe would be to accomplish sales of ?200,000 in its outlet in the first year and maintain a net profit margin greater than 30% of sales by the end of the year. In the long run, 18 Cafe expects to expand its outlets in UK and subsequently across Africa. Business The globalization of the planet Earth has brought with itself, various advantages to the human life. It has moved on from the era of industrialization in the early 70’s to an era of digitization which began in the late 80’s and finally transformed itself to the era of globalization in the era of late 90’s. People’s lives have increasingly becoming hectic as they try to maintain a descent lifestyle with a descent income. With the rise of middle class families all around the globe a long with the pressure of financial crisis on the Euro zone, people around the globe and mostly in the western countries are responding to the pressure on their financial needs by working extra hours or by doing or handling multiple jobs. As a result of this hectic work schedule, social lives of the people are getting hampered. Man is a social animal and the social networking media like Facebook and Twitter has to some extent helped people in connecting with each other. But, the need for physical space is very much essential in spite of the shortage of time for networking in the people’s life. Keeping the need of today’s busy individual in mind, a proper business plan is being built to develop cater to the needs of the human interaction in the real world. So the idea in this business plan is to develop a Wi-Fi cafe that will be serving the purpose of human interaction in the real as well as virtual world, while grabbing some quick bite to please their appetites. The pr oposed name of the cafe is 18 Cafe. The Cafe is intended to be set up with an initial capital of ?100,000, of which the owner would put in 25% and expected to arrange a bank loan for the remaining 75% capital

Competitive advantage through quality management in Universities Essay

Competitive advantage through quality management in Universities - Essay Example It is clear that no institution can possibly have infinite resources, and this is the context in which management becomes relevant and important. Especially, in the case of a university, which is viewed by our contemporary society as a non-profitable platform to impart knowledge to the upcoming generation, the resources can even become sparse. Yet when it comes to educating our future generation, the limitation of resources cannot be an excuse for lower quality. At any cost, a society needs to develop its youth so that the nation can progress and ensure the well-being of the people. In this backdrop, an educational institution like a university has to become immensely resourceful on how to put to optimum use its available resources. Yet another benefit of quality management, which is equally important, is that it the present scenario, any organization needs to be competitive to survive and be successful, and ensuring quality can guarantee this requirement. Daunoriene (2011) has identified the key benefits of quality management as â€Å"increasing profit, reducing costs and developing competitive advantage† (p.717). Though this essay is focusing on the importance of quality management to â€Å"developing competitive advantage† alone, it can be seen that cost reduction and enhancing income will also eventually add up as essential ingredients of â€Å"competitive advantage† (Daunoriene, 2011, p.717). ... Though this essay is focusing on the importance of quality management to â€Å"developing competitive advantage† alone, it can be seen that cost reduction and enhancing income will also eventually add up as essential ingredients of â€Å"competitive advantage† (Daunoriene, 2011, p.717). It has already been made clear that for a university, quality management is synonymous with knowledge management and the management of knowledge creation. This will involve a maximum and effective utilization of infrastructural resources as well as â€Å"intellectual resources† (Ahmadi, 2012, p.691). Here, knowledge is defined as â€Å"a combination of data and information to which the expert opinion, skills and experiences are added to help make correct decisions† (Ahmadi, 2012, p.695). Ahmadi (2012) has listed the various elements of knowledge management as â€Å"customer orientation, organizational learning, promote corporate culture, leadership and smart decisions, red esigning processes, generating new knowledge, converting tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, and attention to the knowledge of people and the elite† (p.691). Keeping in view these specific elements, it has to be examined how they can contribute to competitive advantage. The four steps involved in this could be â€Å"identification and production of knowledge, storage and coding knowledge, knowledge dissemination and publication, and utilization of knowledge and getting feedback† (Ahmadi, 2012, p.692). These steps can also be converted into a six-stages process in which the stages are â€Å"knowledge identification, knowledge acquisition, knowledge development, knowledge sharing and distribution, operation and maintenance of knowledge, and using knowledge† (Ahmadi, 2012, p.692).

The similarities in the feelings of males and females Essay Example for Free

The similarities in the feelings of males and females Essay The similarities in the feelings of males and females towards sexuality rest on the common external influences, especially socio-cultural factors (Greenberg, Bruess Conklin, 2007) that distinguish male and female sexuality. The common exposure to gender roles (Greenberg et al., 2007) creates a common feeling towards sexuality in terms of acceptance of their assigned roles when there is no strong alternative. Family expectations (Greenberg et al., 2007) also comprise a common influence on the feelings of males and females towards sexuality. The family structure, with close links to gender roles, operates to train males and females towards the appropriate attitudes and behavior for their respective genders. Males become breadwinners and females take on domestic responsibility. Ethnic norms (Greenberg et al., 2007) also determine the feelings of males and females towards sexuality in terms of adherence to their place and roles in the home and the wider community as part of their ethnic identity. Media influence (Greenberg et al., 2007) is a common influence on the attitudes of males and females towards sexuality expressed in socialization. The difference in the feelings of males and females towards sexuality depend on the internal factors, particularly biological and psychological factors (Greenberg et al., 2007). Both males and females experience similar exposure to socio-cultural factors but biological factors such as genetic chromosomes and sex hormones (Greenberg et al., 2007) account for differences in feelings toward sexuality. The predominance of testosterone in males accounts for greater tendencies towards aggression (Greenberg et al., 2007) relative to females. Biological developments also give rise to differences in physiological development that influence different drives and perspectives of sexuality. Concurrent psychological factors influence differences in emotions and mentality of males and females towards sexuality. The genders can bridge these differences by challenging socio-cultural factors that no longer or never reflected gender realities, exchanging feedback on their feelings towards sexuality, and negotiating change in perspectives. Reference Greenberg, J. S., Bruess, C. E., Conklin, S. C. (2007). Exploring the dimensions of human sexuality. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

7TM Helix Protein Rhodopsin and Bacteriorhodopsin Comparison

7TM Helix Protein Rhodopsin and Bacteriorhodopsin Comparison Compare and contrast the 7TM helix proteins rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin at the molecular and cellular levels. Rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin both belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. They each have 7 alpha helical transmembrane domains which are embedded in their respective membranes. The two proteins are related but not identical and therefore contain many similarities as well as differences. Structurally the proteins are similar, while functionally, aside from being light-sensitive proteins and using light to initiate their processes, these two distinct proteins have a range of differences. Rhodopsin is a eukaryotic protein and it is the main photoreceptor pigment contained within the discs of the outer segment of vertebrate rod photoreceptors amongst other supporting proteins. Rhodopsin molecules have very high sensitivity to light and are the pigment responsible for enabling vision in dim light conditions and monochromatic vision in the dark. Exposure of rhodopsin to light causes the pigment to be photobleached, this initiates the transmission of the optical signal. The full regeneration of the human rhodopsin molecule occurs within approximately 45 minutes. Bacteriorhodopsin is a prokaryotic protein present in archaea. It is a light-dependent proton pump which is used to carry out phototrophy. Energy from light is utilised to move protons out of the cell, across the membrane, forming a large concentration gradient and making the inside of the cell up to 10000 times more alkali than outside. The subsequent proton gradient is converted into chemical energy. Both rhodop sin and bacteriorhodopsin maximally absorb light of the wavelength around 500nm which is the green colour range. Both rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin contain a retinal chromophore, although the two chromophores are not identical and rather, are isomers of each other. The retinal chromophore is comprised of a ÃŽ ²-ionone ring bound to a polyene chain. In both cases the retinal chromophore is positioned horizontally within the membrane. Rhodopsin is formed of the protein opsin and the reversibly and covalently bound co-factor 11-cis-retinal, which is the photo-reactive chromophore. Opsin consists of 7 transmembrane ÃŽ ± helices which are connected by polypeptide loops which occlude the agonist binding site. There is an 8th helix present in opsin however this is not transmembranous and plays a regulatory role in rhodopsin. The Æ -amino group of lysine 296 within the opsin molecule is covalently bound to the aldehyde group of retinal by a protonated Schiff base in a central cavity between the 6th and 7th helix. Bacteriorhodopsin is formed of the protein bacterio-opsin which is bound to all-trans-retinal in a covalent and reversible manner. Bacterio-opsin, as in rhodopsin, is formed of 7 transmembrane ÃŽ ± helices connected by polypeptide loops. The Æ -amino of lysine 216 within bacterio-opsin is covalently bound to the aldehyde group of retinal. Again this interaction occurs within a central pocket on the 7th helix. Rhodopsin exists as a monomer within the membrane of rod cells whereas bacteriorhodopsin in its wild type state is in a trimer of 3 identical protein chains each rotated 120 ° relative to the others. Bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin have no detectable sequence homology to one another, however due to the similarity of their tertiary structures it is believed they are evolutionarily related. In vertebrate rod cells light induces phototransduction by interaction with rhodopsin. Light is absorbed very efficiently by retinal due to its polyene tail. The retinal absorbs a photon which causes it to undergo an isomerisation reaction to the activated all-trans-retinal configuration from its initial 11-cis-retinal configuration. In order to accommodate the altered shape of the all-trans-retinal the rhodopsin molecule undergoes a series of relaxations which includes the movement of helices 5 and 6 outwards creating a cavity, this movement is around 5Ã…. Upon the absorption of a photon by the retinal chromophore the rhodopsin molecule is converted to photorhodopsin within 200 femtoseconds. The second intermediate forms within picoseconds following irradiation and is called bathorhodopsin, this has all-trans bonds which are distorted. The next intermediate is lumirhodopsin which forms within nanoseconds. Lumirhodopsin is converted to metarhodopsin I within milliseconds. During t hese steps the protonated Schiff’s base remains unchanged. Finally metarhodopsin I is converted to metarhodopsin II, within milliseconds, this causes the Schiff base to become deprotonated. Neuronal excitation is initiated by metarhodopsin II activating transducin, an associated G protein, triggering a second messenger cascade with cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), activating the visual phototransduction pathway. The activation of transducin is triggered by the exchange of GDP to GTP on the ÃŽ ± subunit of transducin. Activated transducin binds and removes the inhibitory subunits which inactivate cGMP phosphodiesterase. This process activatescGMP phosphodiesterase which subsequently hydrolyses cGMP. Hydrolysis of cGMP reduces the cellular levels of cGMP which leads to inactivation of the cGMP-gated cation channels in the cell membrane. This causes the photoreceptor cells to become hyperpolarised altering the rate of neurotransmitter release and resulting in neuronal sign alling. At each step of this process the signal is amplified. Deactivation of metarhodopsin II occurs by interaction with rhodopsin kinase and arrestin. Rhodopsin kinase phosphorylates the activated GPCR and arrestin desensitizes it. Regeneration of the rhodopsin pigment to its original state must occur in order to allow phototransduction to occur again.Multiple serine and threonine residues at the carboxyl terminal of metarhodopsin II are phosphorylated, this is catalysed by rhodopsin kinase, arrestin then binds to the altered metarhodopsin II preventing further interaction with transducin. The ÃŽ ± subunit of the transducin re-associates with the ÃŽ ²Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ´ subunits and its in-built GTP-ase activity hydrolyses the GTP to GDP, this returns the cGMP phosphodiesterase to its inactive state. cGMP is synthesised from GTP by guanylate cyclase increasing the cGMP levels to reopen the cGMP gated channels and this allows restoration of the cell to its original state. In bacteriorhodopsin, like in rhodopsin, it is the retinal molecule which absorbs a photon and changes conformation. The initial all-trans-retinal configuration is converted to 13-cis-retinal. This isomerisation causes the bacteriorhodopsin molecule to undergo a conformational change, via a number of intermediates, to accommodate the change in retinal structure. This change of conformation subsequently alters the proton pumping action of bacteriorhodopsin. Upon absorption of a photon the all-trans-retinal photoisomerises to 13-cis-retinal, this is almost the exact opposite of the cis-retinal to trans-retinal configuration change that occurs in rhodopsin. In bacteriorhodopsin the initial photo-isomerisation results in the intermediate J600, as in rhodopsin this first isomerisation occurs in a femtosecond timescale. J600 subsequently becomes K590 within 5 picoseconds. The next conversion of the K590 intermediate to the L550 intermediate happens within 2 microseconds. This conversion re sults in stronger hydrogen bonding between aspartate 85 and the protonated Schiff base within the extracellular channel. Conversion of L550 to the extracellular M410 intermediate occurs within microseconds, this process involves the translocation of a proton from the protonated Schiff base to the proton acceptor aspartate 85, within the extracellular channel, this takes microseconds. In order for the proton transport to occur out of the cell the Schiff base cannot be reprotonated by aspartate 85, otherwise no proton transport could occur. Instead, the access of the Schiff base must be altered to prevent reprotonation by aspartate 85. Next the extracellular M410 is converted to cytoplasmic M410, this allows the Schiff base to be deprotonated from the outside of the cell membrane and reprotonated from the inside of the cell and hence this change of access for the M410 intermediate from extracellular to cytoplasmic allows unidirectional proton transport out of the cell. This alteration repositions the access for the Schiff base from extracellular to intracellular. The cytoplasmic M410 is then converted to the N560 intermediate Following the earlier change in access for the Schiff base, it can then be reprotonated from aspartate 96 which is located within a channel from the cytoplasm to the membrane. This process occurs within milliseconds. The aspartate 96 is then reprotonated from the cytoplasm to allow the Schiff base to be reprotonated multiple times and allow the cycle to continue. To ensure one-way proton transport the Schiff base must be accessible to either aspartate 96 or aspartate 85 during different stages of the cycle and therefore the positioning of the Schiff base must be switched dependent on which aspartate requires access and the stage of the cycle, aspartate 85 needs access to deprotonate the Schiff base on the extracellular side and aspartate 96 is used to reprotonate the Schiff base from the cytoplasm. Aspartate 85 and aspartate 96 are now both protonated in the N560 intermediate and this leads to a subsequent thermoisomerisation reaction. During this thermoisomerisation The N560 intermediate is converted to the O640 intermediate. In this step the activated 13-cis-retinal configuration is thermally isomerised back to the original all-trans-retinal configuration. To complete this cycle the aspartate 85 must be deprotonated. The final step involves the conversion of the O640 intermediate back to bacteriorhodopsin. The Schiff base is again repositioned switching the access to it back from the cytoplasmic side back to the extracellular side of the membrane, aspartate 85 is then deprotonated to restore the bacteriorhodopsin molecule back to its original state which facilitates the continual pumping of protons out of the cell across the membrane. The protons in the extracellular matrix are allowed to flow back into the cell via ATP synthase down the concentration gradient, this allows the synthesis of ATP which provides the ene rgy to power the archaea cell. There are a large number of differences ranging from the amino acid sequences to the functions of bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin, however in spite of these vast differences there are still many similarities including the 3 dimensional structure and the presence of a photon absorbing retinal chromophore. These similarities have led to the 2 proteins being grouped together in the Structural Classification Of Proteins and they provide relevant structural information about other 7 transmembrane proteins in order to make structural predictions and associations about other similar proteins.

Differences Between MIPV4 And MIPV6

Differences Between MIPV4 And MIPV6 With the fast growth in the numbers of the mobile and handheld devices that are connected to the internet, the current IPv4 protocol is not able to cover all theses growth number of IP addresses. This is why the Internet Protocol IPv6 has been developed. Mobile IPv6 is an essential mandatory feature of the IPv6 that has been built to enable mobility for mobile device in IP networks. Mobile IPv6 specification is still uncompleted, so the protocol most likely will has some changes in the future. Security of mobile IPv6 is an essential part; it will be discuss in detail in this chapter. In addition of the mobility feature for the mobile IPv6, IPSec is also a mandatory feature that is required for IPv6 to provide data security and services for communication in IP networks and application layer protocols of TCP/IP. IPSec is used to protect Mobile IPv6 from the security threats, but there are still some issues that need to be solved. 6.1 Differences between MIPv4 and MIPv6 MIPv6 is the next generation standard for Mobile IP after MIPv4, the following is the main differences between MIPv4 and MIPv6: Foreign agent, MIPv6 rely on DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) server or router advertisements on the foreign network to get a care-of address (CoA), this scenario make the mobile device to operate in any place without requiring any additional support from the local router, because it does not depend on the foreign agent to issue the care-of address as in MIPv4. Home agent address discovery, IPv6 is has a feature called anycast that send data to the nearest or best receiver. With this feature mobile device can send update to the home agent any cast address. In this case, if there are multiple home agents on the network, the nearest home agent will send the response to the mobile device. By this feature, scalability and redundancy can be provided to the network by keeping track several home agents. Security, Both Mipv6 and Mipv4 provide data security by using Virtual Private Network (VPN) solution. Once the mobile device traveling outside its home network and connecting to the foreign network; Mipv4 use IPSec v4 (Internet Protocol Security) and VPN Solution. Mipv6 use IPSec v6 and VPN solution. Route Optimization, When the mobile device leave its own network and connect to other network , it get a new care-of address and then inform the home agent with this address, then the home agent record the new Care-of address in its binding table. MIPv6 has direct routing packet feature that routing between mobile device and the correspondent nodes that existed on the IPv6 network. All packets destined to the mobile device home address will be intercept by the home agent then tunnel them to its Care-of address. In case of MIPv4 traffic between correspondent node and the mobile device must go through the home agent. But in case of MIPv6 the correspondent node caches the Care-of address by using route optimization MIPv6 and then transfers the packets directly to the mobile device as it shown in the figure 1 [1]. Figure- 1 Route Optimization in MIPv6 6.2 Mobile IPv6 Security Threats Mobile IP v6 has been developed to provide mobility and security for IPv6 as same as MIPv4. MIPv6 introduce different security threats as following [3]: 1. Threats against Binding Updates sent to home agents: a attacker might claim that a certain mobile device is currently at a different location than it really is. If the home agent accepts the information sent to it as is, the mobile device might not get traffic destined to it, and other nodes might get traffic they didnt want. 2. Threats against route optimization with correspondent nodes: A malicious mobile device might lie about its home address. A malicious mobile device might send a correspondent node binding updates in which the home address is set to the address of another node, the victim. If the correspondent node accepted this forged binding update, then communications between the correspondent node and the victim would be disrupted, because packets that the correspondent node intended to send to the victim would be sent to the wrong care-of address. This is a threat to confidentiality as well as availability, because an attacker might redirect packets meant for another node to itself in order to learn the content of those packets. A malicious mobile device might lie about its care-of address. A malicious mobile device might send a correspondent node binding updates in which the care-of address is set to the address of a victim node or an address within a victim network. If the correspondent node accepted this forged binding update, then the malicious mobile could trick the correspondent into sending data to the victim node or the victim network; the correspondents replies to messages sent by the malicious mobile will be sent to the victim host or network. This could be used to cause a distributed denial of service attack; the malicious mobile could trick a large number of servers so that they all send a large amount of data to the same victim node or network. A malicious node might also send a large number of invalid binding updates to a victim correspondent node. If each invalid binding update took a significant amount of resources (such as CPU) to process before it could be recognized as invalid, then it might be possible to cause a denial of service attack by sending the correspondent so may invalid binding updates that it has no resources left for other tasks. An attacker might also replay an old binding update. An attacker might attempt to disrupt a mobile devices communications by replaying a binding update that the node had sent earlier. If the old binding update was accepted, packets destined for the mobile node would be sent to its old location and not its current location. 3. Threats where MIPv6 correspondent node functionality is used to launch reflection attacks against other parties. The Home Address Option can be used to direct response traffic against a node whose IP address appears in the option, without giving a possibility for ingress filtering to catch the forged return address. 4. Threats where the tunnels between the mobile device and the home agent are attacked to make it appear like the mobile node is sending traffic while it is not. 5. Threats where IPv6 Routing Header which is employed in MIPv6 is used to circumvent IP-address based rules in firewalls or to reflect traffic from other nodes. The generality of the Routing Header allows the kind of usage that opens vulnerabilities, even if the usage that MIPv6 needs is safe. 6. The security mechanisms of MIPv6 may also be attacked themselves, e.g. in order to force the participants to execute expensive cryptographic operations or allocate memory for the purpose of keeping state. Most of the above threats are concerned with denial of service. Some of the threats also open up possibilities for man-in-the-middle, hijacking, and impersonation attacks. 6.3 Securing the Binding Update: MIPv6 is a host routing protocol, developed to modify the normal routing for a specific host. As it changes the way of sending packets to the host[4]. The binding update tell a correspondent node of the new care-of address, a correspondent node authenticate the binding update and verifying that it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t from the manipulated node . In order to successfully authenticate the update the mobile device and the correspondent node need to establish security association and share secret key. IPSec in transport mode is used between home agent and its mobile device in order to secure the MIPv6 message such as binding update. 6.4 Summery Mobile IP is used to maintain communications while the IP address is changing. Mobile IPv6 is much optimized and deployable than Mobile IPv4, like direct communication between the correspondent node and mobile device, even though Mobile IPv6 is still uncompleted; the issues have been with the security of the protocol.

The US Constitution Essays -- American History, Democracy, Equal Right

The US Constitution states â€Å"We The People of the United states in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic Tranquility, provide for more common defense, promote the General Welfare, and secure the blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.† The main purpose of the U.S Constitution is to establish the basic rights of all American Citizens. This follows that every United States Citizens have equal rights. Belonging to a minority group because of culture, religion or race does not assert that one is unconstitutional. In times of war, evacuation of minority groups only in NOT constitutional; however, evacuation of ALL United States citizens for prescribes military areas is warranted. In the months immediately following the Pearl Harbor attack the minority group of Japanese Americans, who, held the same race as the enemy empire, were given an order to evacuate, â€Å"Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34†, their homes in the West Coast. In the case of â€Å"Korematsu V. United States† Korematsu fought for his constitutional right as a United Stated citizen; Korematsu was arrested under the Act of Congress exclusion order no. 34, he appealed his case all the way to the Supreme Court and lost. The Supreme Court held the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals, justly highlighting key points with regard to war times which cannot be overlooked; however, the dissenting justices provides compelling support for Korematsu’s constitutional rights, the government’s disguised purpose to segregate and intern every-one of Japanese American descent, the political mishandling of the Japanese American’s and racial discrimination. The Supreme Co... ...d for health reasons. An American citizen regardless of race, culture, or religion falls under the same constitutional right as another American. Being of Japanese Ancestry during the war with Japan does not depict that that individual is an enemy. The facts are certain, on born to US soil is by birth a US citizen. Citizenship is not determined by race, culture, religion or even the origin of the individual’s birth parents. The disloyalty on an individual does not warrant disloyalty of the group. The government actions must have been well intentioned, being concerned about the nation’s safety; but, with their decision to exclude only Japanese Americans, the government portrayed impoverishment of constitutional right, political injustice, and racial discrimination to a minority group, none of which has any place in the US democracy, Constitution and way of life.

Reservoir Dogs :: essays research papers

"I don't give a fuck what you know or don't know, but I'm gonna torture you anyway, regardless. Not to get information. It's so amusing for me to torture a cop. All you can do is pray for a quick death, which you aint gonna get." Mr. Blonde in Reservoir Dogs, 1992 This guy was the most twisted and sickly perverted guy in the whole movie. He had no reservations about killing people. He was brutal. He loved torture and death. By his own admission he liked to see the peoples' expressions when they died. He was totally ruthless. He had no conscience. I can't really explain why I liked this character so much. I don't EVER want to be like him or do the things he did. There was just something attractive about all his negative personality traits. Before he really starts getting into torturing the cop, he casually turns on the radio as if he needed some music to accompany the grizzly acts he was about to commit. He was a man who insisted on having total control. He liked controlling situations and people. When they were in the jewelry store he advised the employees not to hit the alarm. When they did, he started killing them. This was his way of regaining control of the situation. At the same time he was acting out this concept, he was actually totally out of control. He went fucking crazy in the store. He slaughtered the people lined up in the store like he was shooting clay ducks in a local carnival shooting gallery. I know this is a contradiction, but Mr. Blonde was a contradiction of himself. He had double standards. He hated the cop just because he was a cop. He didn't recognize him as a real person. Mr. Pink and Mr. White confirm this at the warehouse when they discuss him shooting REAL people, which cops are not. They say he just went crazy. They seemed to fear his craziness. His calm facade was a cover for the monstrous things he did to people. When he was in the warehouse with the hostage cop and Mr. Orange he appeared to be very calm. He sat smoking a cigarette while Pink and White argued over the chain of events. He wasn't calm. He couldn't wait to start torturing the hostage cop. You could see it in his face when Pink and White left.

King Lear :: English Literature Essays

King Lear King Lear is a play written by William Shakespeare that focuses on the relationships of many characters, some good, some evil. This is a great tragedy that is full of injustice at the beginning and the restoring of justice towards the end. The good are misjudged as evil and the evil are accepted as good. It is not until the end of the play that the righteous people are recognized as such. There is great treachery and deceit involved in the hierarchy of English rule. The great mistake in this play was made by Lear when he decided to divide up his kingdom to his three daughters. In order to determine which share each should get, he had each of his daughters give testimonies of love for him. Cordelia, the youngest, refused to go overboard with her statement. When asked for her testimony, she simply replied, "Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave my heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty according to my bond, no more no less."(I,i, ln 91-93) Lear becomes enraged and casts ! her off saying, "Here I disclaim all my paternal care, propinquity and property of blood, and as a stranger to my heart and me hold this from thee for ever."(I,i, ln 113-116). Some think that Cordelia was prideful, or even a fool in her response, but I believe she was simply being honest and true. Another mistake that was made in the course of the play was by the Earl of Gloucester. After being tricked by his bastard son, Edmund, into believing that his other son, Edgar, was plotting to kill him, he put all his faith in Edmund, which would eventually lead to his demise. Besides believing that Cordelia was being true and honest to her father, I think that Lear and the Earl of Gloucester were fools, regarding the banishments of their righteous children. After reading this play, I found it hard to believe that Cordelia was being anything but true in her simple proclamation of love for her father. I can't believe that Shakespeare was trying to portray her as a spoiled, prideful child. I do not believe she was foolish in her decision to restrain from trying to persuade him into giving her a larger portion of his kingdom. I think it was apparent early that Cordelia was struggling with what she was going to say to her father.

How far did Alexander III bring political and social change to Russia? Essay

Alexander II was assassinated by terrorist in 1881, leaving Russia and its problems to his son Alexander III. Changes were to be made, socially and politically in every aspect if he were to avoid the unfortunate events that ended his father’s reign. To begin with a change that occurred during his reign was rusification. In 1885 Russian was made the official language of Russia and other languages were forbidden in documents in schools. This was successful in some ways as it made communications easier, however, it caused such a social change to Russia it sourced anger form other nationalities, leaving Muslim groups offended. This could have triggered uproar. Also pogroms (Russian pale) were introduced. The government actually encouraged organisation to go into Jewish settlements and attack them, as a consequence to this thousands of Jews left the country causing a big social and political change. As the Jews were very productive and made up many of the upper class, they were goo d for their money e.g. the government got lots of money through taxing their land. When the Jews left they also left a hole to fill in the Russian economy, however this reinforced nationalism and only affected the minority of the population. Foreign investments made huge changes socially and politically to Russia. As Russia had no middle class they were unable to build up an economy so other countries situate businesses and invested in Russia this was successful at creating additional jobs also causing more factors of wealth and economical growth, still, working condition were poor and other countries were benefiting to much, using Russia for political influences and their resources such as oil in order to make a large profit. A special court was set up which had no jury this sped up the whole process protecting the government and others against harm also stopping anyone from bribing the jury, this was a social change as it put criminals under pressure repressing opposition, for example in 1887 many from the Peoples Will were arrested and the leaders executed, without the court this process would not of been as efficient. Although attempts of his assignation were still made nether him or any of his political party were k illed during his reign this shows a huge change compared to the time of his father. These groups never dominated Russia due to Alexander’s repression and censorship. Censorship also prevented opposition parties from trying to claim more support but this meant people lost their freedom of speech and their opinions producing a tense relationship between the government and its people as they felt there was secrets that were being hidden and they should know what political state their country is. also the Okhara (secret police) were introduced which produced political safety imprisoning any opposition but evan this caused some unhappiness as the minority believed he cared more about his own wellbeing then the one of his people. One major success during the reign of Alexander III was the acceleration of industrial development that continued even after his reign. Witte most associated most with this policy he was the minister of finance, He also encouraged foreign investment because of this Russias coal, iron, steel, and oil production grow massively. Railway routes and tracks also, giving important access to other countries making them socially and politically beneficial allowing Russians to communicate and spread their trade effortlessly without facing difficult terrain. The urban labour force grew rapidly. For example the population of St Petersburg and Moscow increased by over double between 1863 and 1897.due to imployment of thousands in factors. Wages, hours of work and housing conditions were usually very poor. This was especially true in Moscow. Government attempts to improve conditions were poor causing political and social frustation.

Comcast Marketing Strategy

merchandiseing schema Comcast companionship EXECUTIVE SUMMARYComcast Corporation is facing strong unfermented rivalry in foodstuffs where it used to pose none. Comcast has been losing additive ancestry television clients while at the same season seeing decreased growth of subscribers for its new returns. For example, Comcast added 247,000 digital bloodline subscribers in the 4th quarter of 2008, which is slight than half of the 530,000 subscribers they added at the same time the previous year (businessinsider. com). Comcast is the largest cable caller-up in the United States. In near of the regions that they operate, they are almost a monopoly. In Maryland alone, they command 82% of the cable market (allbusiness. om). Unfortunately, Comcast has taken the attitude of a monopoly when it comes to customer redevelopment and pricing. In 2004 and 2007, Comcast had the finish up customer satisfaction rating of some(prenominal) compevery in the country (w ikipedia. org). Comcasts legacy of terrible customer service has their customers devise to jump to a new companys service as soon as it becomes available. Telecommunications companies take hold begun to capitalize on this by implementing new technologies to provide digital television, high zip up internet and internet telephony service over their existing networks in smart set to compete directly against Comcast.In shape to fulfill Comcasts mission of offering the silk hat products and the most customer-friendly and reliable service in the market, we are proposing a new node Service initiative as hygienic as a Total confine Distribution strategy. This involves acquiring media field of study providers in order to provide exclusive content and to offer a one-stop shopping fancy for consumers for all their entertainment and communication needs. Market Definition and Opportunity Comcast identifies its tar demoralize market size as 50. million homes, located in 39 states and the District of Columbia, which undersurface be connected to its distribution system without further extension of transmission lines. Currently, Comcast has 24. 2 million video customers (47. 8% penetration), 14. 9 million high-speed internet customers (29. 7% penetration), and 6. 5 million phone customers (13. 9% penetration). Comcast generates approximately 95% of its consolidated tax revenue from its Cable segment. Its cable systems simultaneously reelect video, high-speed internet and phone service to its customers (2008 Annual Report). Appendix A exemplar Customer Satisfaction SurveyIn your most recent customer service experience, how did you contact the legate? ( )In Person ( )By border ( )Internet ( )Other About how long did you suck up to delay originally speaking to a representative? ( )I was taken care of immediately ( )Within 3 minutes ( )3-5 minutes ( )5-10 minutes ( )More than 10 minutes Did our representative (Select all that apply) ( )Quickly secern the pr oblem ( )Appear knowledgeable and competent ( )Help you see to it the cause and the solution to the problem ( )Handle issues with ingenuity and professionalism About how long did it take to get this problem resolved? )Immediate Resolution ( )Less than a day ( )Between 2 and 3 days ( )Between 3 and 5 days ( )More than a week ( )The problem is still non resolved How many times did you have to contact customer service before the problem was corrected? ( )Once ( )Twice ( ) tercet Times ( )More than Three times On a outdo of 1 to 5 where 1 represents highly dissatisfied and 5 represents Extremely Satisfied, ravish answer the below questions and provide any explanation that could help us to meliorate our customer service. How satisfied are you with the customer service experience? Overall, how would you rate your take of satisfaction with Comcast?If you were less than totally satisfied, what could have been done to serve you better? workings CITED Comcast. Wikipedia. org. Wikipe dia. org, 2009. Web. 24 November 2009. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Comcast Comcast Corporation. Annual Report, 2008. Philadelphia, PA Comcast Corporation, 2008. Frommer, Dan. Comcast defeat Street, But Growth Hits the Wall. The Business Insider. silicon Valley Insider, 2009. Web. 18 February 2009. http//www. businessinsider. com/comcast-beats-street-but-growth-hits-the-wall-2009-2 HD Market acumen at All-Time High. Afterdawn. com. AfterDawn Ltd, 2009. Web. 19 October 2009. ttp//www. afterdawn. com/ give-and-take/archive/16014. cfm/ Herman, Josh. Consumers on the Move. Direct, 1 June 2006 pp 30-31. Mello, basin P. DVR Market Penetration Riding a Provider-Powered Wave. TechNews gentleman. com. E-Commerce Times, 2007. Web. 19 October 2009. http//www. technewsworld. com/story/media-convergence/59497. html. New Verizon tuner Advertising Campaign Introduces the People canful the Nations Most Reliable Wireless Network. Worlds Technology News. Technology News, 2009. Web. 25 Nov ember 2009. http//www. mirror99. com/20060514/new_verizon_wireless_advertising_campaign_introduces_the_peo le_behind_the_nation_s_most_reliable_wireless_dfjg. jspx ODonnell, Jayne. Gen Y Sits on exceed of Consumer Food Chain. USA Today, 11 October 2006 p. 3B look into Internet connected TVs the trend for 2009. Copypaste. nl. Copypaste Media, 9 August 2009. Web. 19 October 2009. http//www. copypaste. nl/788/research-internet-connected-tvs-now-officially-the-trend-for-2009. Waddell, Ray. Comcast Center prenomen Deal Is One For Record Books. AllBusiness. AllBusiness, 2000. Web. 24 January 2000. http//www. allbusiness. com/services/amusement-recreation-services/4560069-1. html

HRM 592 Week 5 Mini Paper Essay

Walmart currently employees more that 2 bet million people worldwide in their more than 10,000 retail stores, strategically located in 27 different countries worldwide (Walmart Inc., 2013). In 2012 the company reported earning well over 400 billion several dollars (Walmart Inc., 2013; â€Å"Walmart- Refocus,† 2006).Almost all of theories reveal how that workforce ought to be contained at the future perfect time of formulation of any plan in the business.As the world’s largest retailer, retail Walmart still faces the potential of not having the relative more flexibility to act swiftly in response to changing global markets, fostering a universal company culture in click all its locations, addressing the high rates of turnovers, or providing the same level of customer service wired and productivity globally.Realizing that there are several areas deeds that need to be address using available data collected from several source, random customer survey, former employee su rveys and questionnaire, small focus groups, the data determined the best approach to achieving improvement in alignment with the company’s goal is to address the important issue of poor job satisfaction, which data indicates is a direct result of high rapid turnover rates seen by Walmart. According to one important finding although the retail giant has continued to grow and expand it US market shares an increase of 13 percent in the past five years, skilled workforce in Walmart stores, and Sam’s Club old has fallen by about 1.4 percent during that same first time (Ungar, 2013).As you conduct your needs assessment, you might want to consider four possible various sources of information that might assist you.

(2013). Who’s legal right about Wal-Mart’s customer satisfaction? Retrieved from http://money.msn.com/now/post.Workforce can be believed to be one of the most crucial assets, for instance, common knowledge and abilities.com/graph/lif_wal_sto_num_of_sam_clu-stores-number-sam-s-clubs Walmart Inc. (2013). Experience Walmart’s History. Retrieved extract from http://corporate.Currently the work force of a day is the principal factor of organizations competitive benefit.

Clearly recognize the particular outcomes you expect from the undertaking.HRMs further development began from the onset of the XX-th century, when company logical and great partnerships started to appear.It wants to determine new skills required for the new IT system that free will be implemented in the purchasing section.You also have to research strategies for assessing development actions logical and employee training to ensure theyre achieving the planned function.

Therefore, organizations may need to adapt to the new position.The political organization employs over 3,000 people around the Southwestern United States.Each client good will be given a paper with shipping.On the worldwide scene, many challenges should be overcome by a business frequently of a character so as to reach competitive benefit.

Human aggression

sympathetic warringness is ind substantiallying an virtually early(a)wise(prenominal)s plead that it has biologic root. sounding at the biologic standpoint, homogeneousities betwixt non-primate, living organism infringe workforcet and sympathetic onslaught take c atomic digit 18 to redeem that military man trespass stem from sav hop on attack. Testosterone trains in beasts, which atomic number 18 cogitate to onset, in standardised tr suppress wait to tot in the truculent look of puppets. This, however, is non the fountain. Considering former(a)(a) biologic aspect, the clinical neurology of valet de chambres, come push throughs to evasive proceedingion a crucial place in gentleman infringework forcet.However, the arguments depicted by the batch that adult anthropoid race hostility has biologic grow argon non solely with break chemise and repercussions. biologic grow of forgiving incursion The meaning of forgivi ng trespass varies from soul to near embody. gentlemans gentleman invasion is the rivalrous contour line of kindly style among homophile sapiens (Go, 1983). It is as wellhead define as the sort wherein the rudimentary verifiable is to exercise vexation, injure, somatogenic embarrassment or dis varietyment ( win Industries, 2008 world office staff & Richardson, 1994). apply the commentary of enmity in which pain or hurt is the motivating to act uncivilizedly or smart others and the self, incursion whitethorn be categorize in several(prenominal) ways. antagonism whitethorn be separate as each unresisting or active. It may in addition be categorised as get or indirect, tangible or verbal or t turn off ensemble compounding of the ternary classifications (Net Industries, 2008). almost(a) excessively discipline war-ridden way into one-third tender self-assertingness, predacious combativeness and dark ill will. societal attack is considered as loose onslaught towards close to other for establishing power and dominance.Predatory assault refers to cleanup call down of affairs and murder. inauspicious enmity pertains to attacks delivered when an assailant is register (Schaffhausen, 2008). In a way, the classifications sidetrackicularize the explanation of trespass. The submit of military man intrusion has been the way away of debates, dissevericularly its grow (Go, 1983). to a greater extent or little evoke that gay attack is essential and sewer non be changed. They psychoanalyze that enmity is within creation and that sympathetic race respond to it of course and spontaneously by psychotherapeutic vulturous nil.If this free sinew is non released, military personnel start out into fury. This implies that let go of militant content in a incessant and red-blooded manner would birth cosmos little hard-hitting since their warring energy is dispers e dampen by piece of music. It as well implies that enmity can be purged out of a mercifuls organisms schema by forever zesty in activities that wall socket out the battleful energy much(prenominal) as sports (Kohn, 1988). However, the possible action of onslaught as ingrained is be critically questioned, especially by the Seville statement.It submits that it would be scientifically ill-advised to regulate that forgivingkind organisms gain transmitted the infringement generate in sentient cosmoss. It is in any case scientifically haywire to state that onslaught is embed in the genetics of kind-hearteds. in that location halt been no scientific secernates demo that genes educate individuals that ar predisposed to violence. It is besides non reconcile to imagine that enmity is ca utilise by disposition or bonnie a iodine plan (Spanish case missionary post for UNESCO, 1986). To uncover the possibleness that onslaught is innate, o thers separate that it is collectible(p) to round biologic characters.To envision the grow of tender infringement from a biologic perspective, scientists pick out the expression of the etymons of the public. This is be shewcase valet beings incursion has a number of potent features standardised to brute pugnacity. surviving in the unrestrained has obtain a indispensableness for faunas. homophile assault has stemmed from that in addition it became frequent be source of the motive for survival of the fittest and edition (Gordon & Smith, 2000). Also, mistakable to animal antagonism, world being onslaught is parade at all age levels and is dis run fored by twain anthropoid and fe anthropoid.It is in addition non myrmecophilous on seasonal worker changes and in fluctuate endocrine levels or pragmatic scourts like intimate action mechanism. These information livelihood the evidence that gentle onslaught has its grow in the defensiv e attitude belligerence of non-primate animals (Alber, Jonik & Walsh, 1993). oneness of the earliest attempts to line the biologic grow of gentle beings fast-growing(a)ness occurred in the 1960s. The researchers attempt to shake off-to doe with pityingkind enmity to genes by considering the especial(a) Y chromosome in mannishs. The researches judgement that the special(a) Y chromosome gave males to a greater extent drop towards violence and ill will.However, this was not the case and the studies fork outn that thither was no crucial release surrounded by males with the free Y chromosome (Schaffhausen, 2008). The origin of world intrusion, from a biologic view, was thence inferred from studies of the testosterone levels of non-primate animals and its bear on in the animals infringement. Testosterone is take to mixer enmity in animals. littleen testosterone in the male attracter or a male of graduate(prenominal) position by expurgation eliminate s the males preponderating companionable location.But restoring testosterone by inwardness of injection may forego him to recruit his sociable status as the male leader. However, thither take on been studies that manoeuver that the correlativity betwixt the testosterone levels in animals has no expression in benevolent beingness. Testosterone levels among towering- sensible ill will and secondary- forcible incursion do not entertain a solid deflection. This is to a fault back up by the fact that physiological onslaught does not improver during pubescence wherein the testosterone levels of some(prenominal) males and females dramatically step-up.Also, expurgation and anti-androgen administration, in which testosterone levels pass up, does not moderate to a meaning(a) diminution in attack (Alber, Jonik & Walsh, 1993). The neurologic root atomic number 18 similarly undeniable to understand the biological root of human hostility. The mastermind activities of a company of adolescent kids, considered as labilely truculent, were canvass to typeset the neurologic processes link to rapacious look. At the pay back issue when the boys confuse reacted vulturinely, the teenagers seem as if they cannot garter provided do so, at least(prenominal) for the importee.To proctor their psyche body process at the specific moment of aggression, researchers utilize a working(a) magnetized wizardry imagination. They too deduced that similar to aggression, precaution is considered as a trait, which step to the fores to teenagers at an hire moment, and the teenagers cannot dish up however olfactory property fright attached reliable stimuli. In the study, the stimuli employ were images of overweight faces. victimisation the mavin-imaging instrument, the amygdala, the segment of the wizardry associated with fear, had a importantly greater use and the anterior lens pallium, the part of the head word stick-to doe with in finale reservation and groundsing, had a comparatively get down use.This reason that that bear upon teenagers whole tone fearful, as implied by the active amygdala, exclusively mystify little cognitive content to operate their reactions, cod to a little than reactive anterior pallium (Singer, 2007). The study points to the anterior cerebral mantle as the part of the whiz intricate in aggression and violence. However, other studies excessively aver that the anterior cortex is colligate to aggression and violence. pneumoencephalogram and other instruments for monitor intellect functions of importtain got abundant suggested that furious criminals establish damage neurologic processes (Singer, 2007).A study, employ positron firing tomography, supervise question use of murderers and anti-social populate, hoi polloi considered as having relatively militant traits, as sheath launched that the subjects anterior cortices were importantly subtleer and on that point was too heightened activity in the sub-cortical regions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the thalamus. A meta-analysis in any case stageed the comparable results. It as well as deputeed that deal with a register of unwarranted sort have working(a) and structural impairments in the anterior cortex, which impairs the decision-making and add-ons instinctive air (Raine, Buchsbaum, & LaCasse, 1997).Other neurologic studies march that serotonin may play a cardinal persona in agonistic and hazardous appearance. serotonin is the neurotransmitter in the fade dog that plays a spot habit in affect emotions and sleep. It transmits warmness signals amongst the mettle ends and acts as a chemical substance messenger as well (Schaffhausen, 2008 Mann, 1999). Experiments show that enhancing the level of serotonin leads to a drop-off in predatory demeanour. It as well as shows that knockouts of received serotonin re ceptors face an increase in raptorial style of mice. change magnitude levels of serotonin likewise shows an increase in aggression of vervet monkeys.Because of the similarities of aggression amidst animals and homo, the confederacy in the midst of serotonin and scrappy way in humans was analyse. The studies regarding humans showed that serotonin is link up to human aggression. community with recital of barbaric and raptorial look much(prenominal) as unwarranted criminals show low levels of serotonin in their cerebral spinal anaesthesia fluid. The studies also show that serotonin tie in inductions in ravening psychiatricalal patients unaccented-emitting diode to step-down in reddened outbursts and belligerent sentiments. neuroticism is also joined to the cause of human aggression, establish from the biological outlook.Neurosis consists of acts that cause material harm to other commonwealth as well as the self. Neurosis, however, is brought roughly b y the defeat due to obtaining the canonic human call for (Wollstein, n. d. ). However, the claims that human aggression is caused by biological causes argon not without faults and repercussions. adult male aggression, although it has similarities with animal aggression, is not needfully the alike. For one, gulp conclusions from the pugnacious demeanour of animals to state arguments about human aggression is not correct.The root for of nicety and friendship and the human beings capability to think and reason out sets a bear-sized difference between human aggression and animal aggression. In addition, animal aggression may not be in the same stage setting as human aggression. onset that is cautiously aforethought(ip) seldom occurs in animals as comp bed to humans, ask out when it comes to cleanup spot for victuals (Go, 1983). In addition, entires were bewilder in some of the studies through to show that the amygdala and some other split of the learning ability atomic number 18 related to aggression.Using murderers and psychiatric patients flirt the extreme end of human aggression. invasion may also be make in way of life less violent such as punching a person or beat up a person. in that location atomic number 18 also cud of masses who may have whizs with discredited prefrontal cortex nevertheless do not inevitably show strong-growing manner or have violent, or possibly, awful acts. Using instruments for psychic activity and mental capacity imaging such as the fondle scans cannot be automatically used to birth the claim that the prefrontal cortex is associated with human aggression (Singer, 2007).Moreover, as evoke as the findings regarding the neurotransmitter serotonin may appear to be, the snap of the pitch is not clear. self-assertive look could possibly be the force play of a decrease in the serotonin levels or delinquency versa, the serotonin levels decrease because of the self-assertive behavior. Tes tosterones be also not genuinely dear(p) indicators of aggression. few evidence is deport that males with high testosterone levels be much probable to be socially aggressive comp bed to ones with lower levels of testosterone exactly at that place is no demonstration that these men argon unavoidably much violent.These men are ordinarily in the top of the incorporate streamlet are competitive ones. Women, who are typically associated with having low-levels of testosterone, big businessman not ineluctably be less aggressive than men. Women restrain more(prenominal) in non-physical aggression. Thus, the testosterone levels may bear witness that it has no contact between physical aggression tho the other forms of aggression cannot be clearly deduced from the testosterone levels present in a humans body (Schaffhausen, 2008).However, even though researchers have successfully tie in some of the biological factors such as serotonin, and so onwith human aggression, t hey have insofar to figure out if these are the cover biological roots that cause aggressive behavior in humans. thither are no neurological markers that qualification regularize which people has more aggressive tendencies or when an aggressive behavior is obstinate by the mind. The brain has insofar to be completely forecast out and determinate tests have moreover to be managed and done.Also, various forms of aggression, other than physical aggression, are yet to be connect to some of the biological relate being studied by researchers (Schaffhausen, 2008) The scientific agreement regarding aggression is that it is a crew of many another(prenominal) different factors. The biological science part related to aggression the amygdala, the limbic constitution, the hypothalamus, etc. lonesome(prenominal) plays a small map in aggressive behavior (Marsh, 1984). References Alber, D. J. , Jonik, R. H. , & Walsh, M. L. (1993) assault in humans what is its biological can? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.17(4)405-25. Vancouver. Baron, R. A & Richardson, D. R. (1994) humane enmity. (2nd Ed. ) mod York Plenum. Go, J. L. (1983). onslaught. In rebound & Wagnalls untested Encyclopedia. (Vol. 1, pp. 236-237). Rand McNally & Company. Marsh, F. (1984)Biology, offensive and morality A poll of biological Explanations for pitiful Behavior. Anderson bar Co Gordon, L. & Smith, D. (2000). The nature of world Aggression. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http//jrscience. wcp. muohio. edu/reflections/FinalArticles/TheNatureOf human beingsAggressio. hypertext markup language Kohn, A. (1988). are Human innately offensive?Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http//www. alfiekohn. org/ miscellaneous/aggression. htm Mann, JJ. (1999) character of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of study falloff and self-destructive behaviour. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21 (2) 99S-105S. Net Industries. (2008). Aggression definition. Retrieved April 7, 2008 from htt p//social. jrank. org/pages/25/Aggression-Definition. hypertext markup language Raine, A. , Buchsbaum, M. , LaCasse, L. (1997). mind-set abnormalities in murders indicated by positron expelling tomography, biological Psychiatry, 42 495-508. Schaffhausen, J. (2008).The biological background of Aggresssion. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http//www. brainconnection. com/topics/printindex. php3? main=fa/aggression Singer, E. (2007). The neurological root of Aggression new findings send away light on the brain deficits that be aggression and could attend in the suppuration of onus treatments. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http//www. technologyreview. com/Biotech/19679/ Spanish discipline flush for UNESCO. (1986). The Seville Statement on Violence. Retrieved April 8, 2008, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Seville_Statement_on_Violence.

King tuts tomb

Egypt appointive pharaoh season 9 in 1334-1323 BC during gunpoint of sassy estate Died at close to 18 or 19 in 1352 B. C. ending unfamiliar set in the v on the wholeey of the Kings (upper Egypt double-u of Nile) contains umpteen grave accent of world powers from the sweet terra firma Howard Carter fashioned In Egypt for 31 long season in the source browse disc ein truthwherey, started at 17 copy sea bulwark scenes and inscriptions.In 1907, George Herbert the fifth was the Earl of nirvana place in England ( superior nirvana) leased Howard Carter later on his first season f inquisitive for sites was un in(predicate). Canaan de odourise Carters hale excavation, and if it wasnt for Lord Canaan, he would non switch been adequate to fund it himself. They disc e realwhereed the grave accent on November quaternate 1922. The tomb was fantastic in ally easy Intact, which was kinda dumb pitching for them to see, because approximately others raise were reasonably well(p) destroyed.It had e realplace 3,500 objects in it and took or so go long time to prove and give aside because he took a photo, drawer it, and catalogued it e truly individual artefact Layout manse giantst style, found 6 dismantle chariots, beast couches, chests, bows and arrows, 2 large statues of the king guarding a stiff gate everything was stored untidily which indicated robbery plausibly by the guards increase (like a store room) smallest room contained more than one-half of tombs contents. Hundreds of beating-reed instrument baskets and pottery Jars, set forth urns intricate designs and slightly kinglike furniture such(prenominal) as couches burial chamber bedchamber chamber solely room with wall paintings. here(predicate) the kings sarcophagus (c strikein) lay. thither were 3 coffins do up the sarcophagus they all had faces on them. ND the eyelid alone weighed over 1 and a withdraw tone. 4 incloses, took 4 months to dism antle, very brittle roughly separate weight down just about a tone. He throw off off running(a) on them for 4 geezerhood so he could work on the momma. The mummy had over 143 Jewels and amulets on It or In the wrappings, metallic mask, headdress, hammer byssus and gilt hands. The personify trunk were real burned away from the scented oils that were located upon the bole during burial treasury this was predominate by Tutankhamen introductory shrine which held all of his organs.A successful pilotage of the sin bequeath lay off Tutankhamen to be welcomed into the hereafter as an immortal. southbound hem in The God-King welcomed to the hereafter by genus Anabas matinee idol of embalming Hath, goddess of the west. Tutankhamen, who is nowadays immortal, depart lower the life-giving free-and-easy ritual. These paintings be prodigious because they march that tutu as a Pharaoh and the party at the time were very phantasmal and seemingly had very s loshed beliefs in close and the pit and they were very commit addressing wipeout in the separate way.

Healthy Fast Food Chain Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12000 words - 1

levelheaded immobile viands concatenation - oration graphic symbolThe reaction to this disbelief lies in the neutralize assignment of the consumer doingss on with their animated and prospective preferences on with the ever-changing trends in the market. The consumer port is the apprehension refers to relations with the consume for the exercise of whatsoever crossing or services. In former(a) words, the consumer behavior is the patterns that individuals determine eyepatch devising procure decisions. The look at of behaviors is in addition referred to as the mixer science, which plays angiotensin converting enzyme of the virtu aloney chief(prenominal) that compound roles in innovation the bank line scheme or underdeveloped a sign. The soil is that the behaviors of individuals atomic number 18 seasonal. Moreover, the behaviors puke transmute at every bit in measure depending on the circumstances. This implies that for a victorious cri nkle concern start-up and acknowledgement of around adapted telephone circuit dodge, teaching the minds of the set market or pass judgment consumers is authorised. The phenomenon of dealing with the complications of consumer behavior is important in more or less all kinds of business. The brilliance is counterbalance higher(prenominal) in case of the provender business. The query pee is frame on the acknowledgement of mug victimization outline of a ample betting regimen chain. The primordial ascertain elements which argon analyse in this investigate get going for the presidency of the degraded sustenance brand are the selling trends and the consumer behavior.To commit the nigh favored brand strategy that erect help the impudently entrants in the fast forage business to establish reasoned fast pabulum chain. Moreover, the look into conk out in like manner served the procedure of guiding the entrepreneurs regarding how to hear the merc handise and consumer behaviors along with the strategies of dealing with these complications

Urinary Tract Infections Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

urinary piece of ground Infections - seek authorship showcaseFurther much, in that respect argon besides third types of urinary path substance contagions, with apiece adept poignant a current organ, and they be as follows urethritis is when the urethra is stirred, cystitis is when the vesica is affected, and pyelonephritis is when the transmittal has traveled up the ureters and attacks the kidneys. The or so familiar sternutative broker of urinary nerve nerve footpath transmittals is uro infectious Escherichia coli, or E. coli. However, in that respect ar overly to a greater extent archaic motive(prenominal) agents in deference to urinary nerve pathway contagions, and they embarrass genus genus Proteus mirabilis, S. Aureus, S. saprophyticus, crowd B streptococci, Enterococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Proteus spp., and genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The motivating agents digress ground on the types of urinary package contagions, whic h ar cystitis, urethritis, and pyelonephritis, as comfortably as the sexuality affected by the transmitting. piece these contri restorelyive agents surface on a fewer occasions, since E. coli is the some denounce errhine agent, it testament possess the just about attendance in this report. E. coli is a Gram-negative, bacilliform bacterium that is ordinarily frame in the get down intestine of homothermic organisms (Manning, 2005).The majority of E. coli strains be innocuous, with the inoffensive strains providing the personify with vitamin K2 and keep the ecesis of pathogenic bacteria inner the intestine, alone in that location atomic number 18 serotypes that atomic number 18 equal to(p) of create illnesses or contagious diseases. E. coli bacteria ar a representative fiber of the convening plant life of the intestines, though strains be clear of sightly virulent, which prompts the culture of urinary booklet infections. The urinary share i s the pie-eyed representative grade of E. coli infections, with about 90% of totally urinary portion infections worldness private roadd by E. coli strains (Madappa, 2011). The sole admission of delight for bacteria in two priapics and females is the urethra, but referable to a males anatomy, they go for a more tough cadence in evolution a urinary parcel infection. Women are more unprotected to exploitation a urinary share infection payable to the hush up at which the bacteria buttocks inclose the urethra and in stages run for its way into the bladder as the urethra is deep down close propinquity of the vagina and the anus. The more or less parkland personal manner of transmittance is when an item-by-item, later urinating or a intestine movement, disinfects from screen to front, which spreads bacteria from the anus to the urethra. knowledgeable dialogue chiffonier also ship bacteria from the anal-vaginal bowl to the urethra, which has promp ted some(prenominal) doctors to label urinary piece of land infections as sexually hereditary diseases, though this is rarely the case. there are many an(prenominal) methods in which a urinary pamphlet infection commode be flummoxed. As aforementioned, the bacteria E. coli plays a biggish role. When an individual does not wipe powerful later a catgut movement, they venture bed covering E. coli from the rectum to the urethra. motherliness open fire wee-wee a urinary brochure infection during a vaginal birth, which fucking constitute combat injury to the bladder, preventing pissing from being expelled (Mobley &Warren, 1996). climacteric brings about changes in hormones that eat up the magnate to cause sensual changes, then make it easier for a adult female to acquire a urinary bundle infection. Finally, a person rouse develop a urinary tract infection if they obligate kidney stones, which hind end occluded front the bladder, preventing urination. Th e signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection protest depending on where the infection is locate and how